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5：倒裝
(1)：完全倒裝
(a)：表示地點和運(yùn)動方向的副詞here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等副詞開頭的句子，需用完全倒裝。
(b)：表示時間的副詞now, then 等副詞開頭的句子，謂語動詞為 come, go, be, follow 等時，需用完全倒裝。
注意：如果主語是代詞，即使該類詞置于句首，依然用正常語序。
Ahead sat an old woman.
In came the teacher and the lesson began.
(c)：表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
(2)：部分倒裝
(a)：never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, no, in no case, by no means, on no account 等表示否定意義的副詞或介詞短語放于句首。
注意：當(dāng) not until 引導(dǎo)的是從句時，until 從句的主謂不可倒裝，只是主句需要倒裝。
Hardly did I know what had happened.
Not until last year did her father know the truth.
Not until he returned did we have supper.
In no case should we abandon her.
(b)：only 和修飾的狀語放于句首
Only then did he realize the importance of English.
Only in this way can you solve this problem.
(c)：not only…but also 連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒
Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
(d)：neither…nor…連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
(e)：so…that, such…that 中的 so 或such 及修飾的成分放于句首時，前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he cannot go on a holiday.
Such a good boy is he that everyone likes him.
(f)：as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語，把需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分提前(如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞)，然后再加陳述句的其他部分。
注意：名詞單數(shù)省去冠詞。
Hard as he works, he doesn’t get promoted.
(g)：so, neither 或 nor 表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
(h)：用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health!
(i)：省略 if 的虛擬條件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way.
6：名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句，它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
名詞性從句連接詞的用法
|
從句成分 |
人 |
物 |
|
從句主干缺失 （主語，賓語，表語） |
who, whoever（主語） |
what, whatever |
|
whom, whomever（賓語） |
||
|
從句缺失定語 ? |
whose，which, what |
|
|
從句缺失狀語 |
when, where, why, how |
|
|
從句成分完整 |
缺“是否”意義：whether, if |
|
|
不缺意義：that |
||
7：定詞性從句
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在從句中作定語，修飾一個名詞、名詞詞組或代詞，被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞即為先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
定語從句關(guān)系詞的用法(看從句成分)
|
先行詞 |
主語 |
賓語 |
定語 |
狀語 |
|
人 |
who/that |
who/whom/that |
whose |
/ |
|
物 |
which/that |
which/that |
when（=介詞+which） |
|
|
where（=介詞+which） |
||||
|
why（=for which） |
?
8：狀語從句
狀語從句在復(fù)合句中作狀語。根據(jù)句子的含義，它可表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、行為方式、比較、讓步等。
狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo)，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開，位于句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。
狀語從句的構(gòu)成：
引導(dǎo)詞+狀語從句+“,”+主句：When she came in, I stopped eating.
主句+引導(dǎo)詞+狀語從句：We were about to leave when he came in.
狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是掌握不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和一些特殊的連接詞。
狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法
|
引導(dǎo)時間狀語 |
when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, hardly…when, as soon as, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly |
|
引導(dǎo)地點狀語 |
where, wherever |
|
引導(dǎo)原因狀語 |
because, as, since, now that, in that |
|
引導(dǎo)條件狀語 |
if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that |
|
引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語 |
so…that, such…that |
|
引導(dǎo)目的狀語 |
so that, in order that, for fear that, lest |
|
引導(dǎo)比較狀語 |
than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more… the more |
|
引導(dǎo)方式狀語 |
as if, as though, as |
|
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語 |
though, although, even if, even though, as, whether, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever |
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